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Encyclopaedia Britannica

  • 1 Encyclopaedia Britannica

    Abbreviation: EB

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Encyclopaedia Britannica

  • 2 Britannica.com

       Mis en ligne en décembre 1999, le site Britannica.com propose l’équivalent numérique des 32 volumes de la 15e édition imprimée de l’Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica.com devient donc la première grande encyclopédie anglophone en accès libre sur le web. Cette masse d’informations est complétée par un choix d’articles provenant de 70 titres de presse, un guide des meilleurs sites web, une sélection de livres, etc., le tout étant accessible à partir d’un moteur de recherche unique. Depuis septembre 2000, Britannica.com fait partie des cent sites les plus visités au monde. En juillet 2001, la consultation devient payante sur la base d’un abonnement mensuel ou annuel.

    Le Dictionnaire du NEF > Britannica.com

  • 3 Enciclopedia Británica, la

    = Encyclopaedia Britannica, the, Britannica, the
    Ex. Like the young reader who complained to the reference librarian that the Encyclopaedia Britannica told her more about crocodiles than she wanted to know, most enquirers have a pretty good idea when they have got enough for their needs.
    Ex. On the negative side, the Britannica's complicated arrangement will continue to disconcert some users.

    Spanish-English dictionary > Enciclopedia Británica, la

  • 4 enciclopedia

    f.
    encyclopedia.
    * * *
    1 encyclopaedia, encyclopedia
    * * *
    SF encyclopaedia, encyclopedia
    * * *
    femenino encyclopedia*

    una enciclopedia ambulante — (hum) a walking encyclopedia (hum)

    * * *
    = encyclopaedia [encyclopedia, USA].
    Nota: Documento que sintetiza el saber sobre todas las materias o un grupo de materias relacionadas y que está ordenado alfabética o sistemáticamente.
    Ex. This is true of many directories, encyclopedias, and other reference works that need periodically to be brought up to date.
    ----
    * artículo de enciclopedia = encyclopaedia article.
    * autor de enciclopedias = encyclopaedist [encyclopedist, -USA].
    * Enciclopedia Británica, la = Encyclopaedia Britannica, the, Britannica, the.
    * enciclopedia especializada = specialised encyclopaedia.
    * enciclopedia multimedia = multimedia encyclopaedia.
    * escritor de enciclopedias = encyclopaedist [encyclopedist, -USA].
    * * *
    femenino encyclopedia*

    una enciclopedia ambulante — (hum) a walking encyclopedia (hum)

    * * *
    = encyclopaedia [encyclopedia, USA].
    Nota: Documento que sintetiza el saber sobre todas las materias o un grupo de materias relacionadas y que está ordenado alfabética o sistemáticamente.

    Ex: This is true of many directories, encyclopedias, and other reference works that need periodically to be brought up to date.

    * artículo de enciclopedia = encyclopaedia article.
    * autor de enciclopedias = encyclopaedist [encyclopedist, -USA].
    * Enciclopedia Británica, la = Encyclopaedia Britannica, the, Britannica, the.
    * enciclopedia especializada = specialised encyclopaedia.
    * enciclopedia multimedia = multimedia encyclopaedia.
    * escritor de enciclopedias = encyclopaedist [encyclopedist, -USA].

    * * *
    encyclopedia*
    es una enciclopedia ambulante ( hum); he's a walking encyclopedia ( hum)
    * * *

    enciclopedia sustantivo femenino
    encyclopedia
    enciclopedia sustantivo femenino encyclopaedia, US encyclopedia
    ' enciclopedia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    buscar
    - producto
    - volumen
    - entrega
    English:
    encyclopaedia
    - encyclopedia
    - look up
    - track down
    - walking
    * * *
    encyclopedia;
    Hum
    es una enciclopedia viviente o [m5] ambulante he's a walking encyclopedia
    * * *
    f encyclopedia, Br tb
    encyclopaedia;
    ser una enciclopedia viviente fig be a walking encyclopedia
    * * *
    : encyclopedia
    * * *
    enciclopedia n encyclopedia / encyclopaedia

    Spanish-English dictionary > enciclopedia

  • 5 британски

    British
    * * *
    брита̀нски,
    прил., -а, -о, -и British; Британска енциклопедия Encyclopaedia Britannica; Британският музей the British Museum.
    * * *
    British: британски English - британски английски
    * * *
    1. British 2. Британска енциклопедия Encyclopaedia Britannica 3. Британският музей the British Museum

    Български-английски речник > британски

  • 6 británico

    adj.
    British, Briton, Britannic.
    m.
    Briton, Britisher.
    * * *
    1 British
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 British person, Briton, Britisher
    * * *
    (f. - británica)
    noun adj.
    * * *
    británico, -a
    1.
    2.
    SM / F British person, Briton, Britisher (EEUU)
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo British
    II
    - ca masculino, femenino British person, Briton

    los británicos — the British, British people

    * * *
    = British, UK, Brit, Briton.
    Ex. From 1972 to 1974, he was attached to the British Library Planning Secretariat.
    Ex. This is a contribution to a thematic issue on microcomputers in UK government libraries.
    Ex. IFLA-goers joined throngs of Brits to watch the military tattoo as kilted bagpipers and military units from around the world displayed their musical and marching skills.
    Ex. As many as 15 million Britons are using credit cards in the struggle to keep up appearances as they mistakenly consider themselves to be middle class.
    ----
    * adiestrado por británicos = British-trained.
    * Archivo Británico de Documentos Públicos = British Public Record Office.
    * Asociación de Archiveros Británicos = Society of Archivists.
    * Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).
    * BLAISE (Servicio de Información Automatizada de la Biblioteca Británica) = BLAISE (British Library Automated Information Service).
    * BTI (Indice Británico de Tecnología) = BTI (British Technology Index).
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * ciudadano británico = Briton.
    * Columbia Británica = British Columbia.
    * Comité de las Universidades Británicas sobre Películas y Vídeos (BUFVC) = British Universities Film and Video Council (BUFVC).
    * Compañía de Telecomunicaciones Británica = British Telecom (BT).
    * Consejo Británico (BC) = British Council (BC).
    * División de Préstamo de la Biblioteca Británica (BLLD) = British Library Lending Division (BLLD).
    * División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).
    * Enciclopedia Británica, la = Encyclopaedia Britannica, the, Britannica, the.
    * formado por británicos = British-trained.
    * fuerzas aéreas británicas = RAF [Royal Air Force].
    * Institución Británica para la Normalización (BSI) = British Standard Institution (BSI).
    * Islas Británicas, las = British Isles, the.
    * Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.
    * Mancomunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.
    * MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * Norma Británica número + Número = BS + Número.
    * Tesauro Británico de Educación = British Educational Thesaurus (BET).
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo British
    II
    - ca masculino, femenino British person, Briton

    los británicos — the British, British people

    * * *
    = British, UK, Brit, Briton.

    Ex: From 1972 to 1974, he was attached to the British Library Planning Secretariat.

    Ex: This is a contribution to a thematic issue on microcomputers in UK government libraries.
    Ex: IFLA-goers joined throngs of Brits to watch the military tattoo as kilted bagpipers and military units from around the world displayed their musical and marching skills.
    Ex: As many as 15 million Britons are using credit cards in the struggle to keep up appearances as they mistakenly consider themselves to be middle class.
    * adiestrado por británicos = British-trained.
    * Archivo Británico de Documentos Públicos = British Public Record Office.
    * Asociación de Archiveros Británicos = Society of Archivists.
    * Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).
    * BLAISE (Servicio de Información Automatizada de la Biblioteca Británica) = BLAISE (British Library Automated Information Service).
    * BTI (Indice Británico de Tecnología) = BTI (British Technology Index).
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * ciudadano británico = Briton.
    * Columbia Británica = British Columbia.
    * Comité de las Universidades Británicas sobre Películas y Vídeos (BUFVC) = British Universities Film and Video Council (BUFVC).
    * Compañía de Telecomunicaciones Británica = British Telecom (BT).
    * Consejo Británico (BC) = British Council (BC).
    * División de Préstamo de la Biblioteca Británica (BLLD) = British Library Lending Division (BLLD).
    * División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).
    * Enciclopedia Británica, la = Encyclopaedia Britannica, the, Britannica, the.
    * formado por británicos = British-trained.
    * fuerzas aéreas británicas = RAF [Royal Air Force].
    * Institución Británica para la Normalización (BSI) = British Standard Institution (BSI).
    * Islas Británicas, las = British Isles, the.
    * Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.
    * Mancomunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.
    * MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * Norma Británica número + Número = BS + Número.
    * Tesauro Británico de Educación = British Educational Thesaurus (BET).

    * * *
    British
    masculine, feminine
    British person, Briton, Britisher ( AmE colloq)
    los británicos the British, British people
    * * *

    británico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    British
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    British person, Briton;
    los británicos the British, British people
    británico,-a
    I adjetivo British
    las Islas Británicas, the British Isles
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 Briton
    2 los británicos, the British

    ' británico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    billón
    - británica
    - señor
    - baño
    - inglés
    - médula
    - tener
    English:
    absent
    - born
    - Brit
    - British
    - decline
    - imperial mile
    - practice
    - practise
    - redcoat
    - through
    - unionist
    - answer
    - Britisher
    - Briton
    - Downing Street
    - home
    * * *
    británico, -a
    ♦ adj
    British
    ♦ nm,f
    British person, Briton;
    los británicos the British
    * * *
    I adj British
    II m, británica f Briton, Brit fam
    * * *
    británico, -ca adj
    : British
    británico, -ca n
    1) : British person
    2)
    los británicos : the British
    * * *
    británico1 adj British
    británico2 n Briton

    Spanish-English dictionary > británico

  • 7 incomodidad

    f.
    1 uncomfortableness.
    2 awkwardness, discomfort.
    3 inconvenience, bother, nuisance.
    * * *
    1 discomfort
    2 (molestia) inconvenience
    3 (malestar) unrest, uneasiness
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) inconvenience, bother
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=falta de comodidad) discomfort
    2) (=inoportunidad) inconvenience
    3) (=fastidio) annoyance, irritation
    * * *
    a) (de sillón, postura) uncomfortableness, discomfort
    b) ( molestia) inconvenience
    * * *
    = unease, awkwardness, clunkiness, cumbersomeness.
    Ex. There is an underlying unease concerning the relevance of AACR2 to a largely and growing computerised cataloguing environment.
    Ex. Long pauses caused awkwardness and discomfort for the user.
    Ex. They managed to recreate the look and feel of Britannica without the clunkiness of the paper index and difficult page navigation of the paper Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    Ex. Such a huge file is only useful, given what we know about the cumbersomeness of the present card catalog, when one has an electronic means of sorting and searching.
    * * *
    a) (de sillón, postura) uncomfortableness, discomfort
    b) ( molestia) inconvenience
    * * *
    = unease, awkwardness, clunkiness, cumbersomeness.

    Ex: There is an underlying unease concerning the relevance of AACR2 to a largely and growing computerised cataloguing environment.

    Ex: Long pauses caused awkwardness and discomfort for the user.
    Ex: They managed to recreate the look and feel of Britannica without the clunkiness of the paper index and difficult page navigation of the paper Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    Ex: Such a huge file is only useful, given what we know about the cumbersomeness of the present card catalog, when one has an electronic means of sorting and searching.

    * * *
    1 (de un sillón, una postura) uncomfortableness
    2 (molestia) inconvenience
    no tener teléfono es una incomodidad it's a nuisance o it's very inconvenient not having a telephone
    siento mucho causarles tantas incomodidades I'm very sorry to cause you so much bother o inconvenience, I'm very sorry to put you to so much trouble
    la incomodidad de vivir tan lejos the inconvenience of living so far away
    * * *

    incomodidad sustantivo femenino
    1 (carencia de comodidad) discomfort
    (engorro) inconvenience
    ' incomodidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    embarazo
    - molestar
    - molestia
    English:
    discomfort
    - queasiness
    * * *
    1. [de silla] uncomfortableness
    2. [de situación, persona] awkwardness, discomfort;
    su pregunta me produjo incomodidad her question made me feel awkward o uncomfortable;
    es una incomodidad vivir tan lejos del centro it's inconvenient living so far from the centre
    * * *
    f
    1 uncomfortableness
    2 ( fastidio) inconvenience
    * * *
    1) : discomfort, awkwardness
    2) molestia: inconvenience, bother

    Spanish-English dictionary > incomodidad

  • 8 más conocido

    (adj.) = best known, best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA], mainstream
    Ex. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica - or simply the Britannica, as most people call it - is the oldest, largest, best known, and most prestigious general encyclopedia in the English language.
    Ex. Great digital collections already exist, although I would submit that apart from the best-publicized ones, we don't know what many of these are, where they are or very much about them.
    Ex. Some children may be constrained by a mainstream curriculum that does not match their ability level.
    * * *
    (adj.) = best known, best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA], mainstream

    Ex: The New Encyclopaedia Britannica - or simply the Britannica, as most people call it - is the oldest, largest, best known, and most prestigious general encyclopedia in the English language.

    Ex: Great digital collections already exist, although I would submit that apart from the best-publicized ones, we don't know what many of these are, where they are or very much about them.
    Ex: Some children may be constrained by a mainstream curriculum that does not match their ability level.

    Spanish-English dictionary > más conocido

  • 9 pesadez

    f.
    1 weight (peso).
    2 heaviness.
    3 drag, pain (molestia, fastidio).
    5 weariness, tediousness, boredom.
    6 weightiness, ponderosity, ponderousness.
    7 boring thing.
    * * *
    1 (lentitud) sluggishness
    2 (molestia) bore
    ■ ¡menuda pesadez tener que repetirlo! what a nuisance to have to do it all again!
    3 (de un objeto) heaviness
    \
    tener pesadez de estómago to have indigestion
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=peso) weight
    2) (=lentitud) slowness, sluggishness
    3) (Med) (=malestar) heaviness; (=somnolencia) drowsiness
    4) (=aburrimiento) tediousness, boring nature; (=molestia) annoyance

    es una pesadez tener que... — it's a bore having to...

    ¡qué pesadez! — what a bore!

    * * *
    1) (fam) (aburrimiento, molestia) drag (colloq)
    2) ( sensación de cansancio) heaviness

    pesadez de estómago — bloated o heavy feeling in the stomach

    3) (Andes fam) ( broma) tiresome joke; ( comentario) nasty remark
    * * *
    = heaviness, clunkiness.
    Ex. Despite the heaviness of the air -- the humidity, even at this early time of the day, was thick -- and the impressive Corinthian-columned facade of the library, she felt happy, almost light-headed.
    Ex. They managed to recreate the look and feel of Britannica without the clunkiness of the paper index and difficult page navigation of the paper Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    ----
    * andar con pesadez = trudge.
    * caminar con pesadez = trudge.
    * * *
    1) (fam) (aburrimiento, molestia) drag (colloq)
    2) ( sensación de cansancio) heaviness

    pesadez de estómago — bloated o heavy feeling in the stomach

    3) (Andes fam) ( broma) tiresome joke; ( comentario) nasty remark
    * * *
    = heaviness, clunkiness.

    Ex: Despite the heaviness of the air -- the humidity, even at this early time of the day, was thick -- and the impressive Corinthian-columned facade of the library, she felt happy, almost light-headed.

    Ex: They managed to recreate the look and feel of Britannica without the clunkiness of the paper index and difficult page navigation of the paper Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    * andar con pesadez = trudge.
    * caminar con pesadez = trudge.

    * * *
    A ( fam) (aburrimiento, molestia) drag ( colloq)
    es una pesadez tener que esperar aquí it's a drag having to wait here
    ¡pero qué pesadez de conversación! what a boring o tedious conversation!
    tengo pesadez en las piernas my legs feel very heavy
    pesadez estomacal or de estómago bloated o heavy feeling in the stomach
    C ( Andes fam)
    1 (broma pesada) tiresome joke
    2 (comentario) nasty remark
    * * *

    pesadez sustantivo femenino
    1 ( sensación de cansancio) heaviness
    2 (fam)
    a) (aburrimiento, molestia) drag (colloq);

    ◊ ¡qué pesadez de conversación! what a boring conversation!

    b) (Andes) ( broma) tiresome joke;

    ( comentario) nasty remark
    pesadez sustantivo femenino
    1 (corporal) heaviness
    2 (fastidio, aburrimiento) nuisance, drag: ¡qué pesadez!, what a pain!
    ' pesadez' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gaita
    - lata
    English:
    annoyance
    - drudgery
    - heaviness
    - tiresomeness
    * * *
    1. [peso] weight
    2. [sensación] heaviness
    pesadez de estómago full feeling in the stomach, bloated stomach
    3. [molestia, fastidio] drag, pain
    4. [aburrimiento] bore;
    ¡qué pesadez de película! what a boring o tedious movie!
    * * *
    f fig
    drag fam
    * * *
    pesadez nf, pl - deces
    1) : heaviness
    2) : slowness
    3) : tediousness
    * * *
    ¡qué pesadez de viaje! what a boring journey!
    2. (molestia) pain / drag / nuisance

    Spanish-English dictionary > pesadez

  • 10 Enciclopedia Británica

    la Enciclopedia Británica
    = Encyclopaedia Britannica, the, Britannica, the

    Ex: Like the young reader who complained to the reference librarian that the Encyclopaedia Britannica told her more about crocodiles than she wanted to know, most enquirers have a pretty good idea when they have got enough for their needs.

    Ex: On the negative side, the Britannica's complicated arrangement will continue to disconcert some users.

    Spanish-English dictionary > Enciclopedia Británica

  • 11 cocodrilo

    m.
    crocodile.
    * * *
    1 crocodile
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino crocodile
    * * *
    = crocodile, croc.
    Nota: Abreviatura de crocodile.
    Ex. Like the young reader who complained to the reference librarian that the Encyclopaedia Britannica told her more about crocodiles than she wanted to know, most enquirers have a pretty good idea when they have got enough for their needs.
    Ex. As for crocs, the area is known to be inhabited by salties, but sightings are inconsistent.
    ----
    * cocodrilo de agua salada = saltie.
    * cocodrilo de río = river crocodile.
    * * *
    masculino crocodile
    * * *
    = crocodile, croc.
    Nota: Abreviatura de crocodile.

    Ex: Like the young reader who complained to the reference librarian that the Encyclopaedia Britannica told her more about crocodiles than she wanted to know, most enquirers have a pretty good idea when they have got enough for their needs.

    Ex: As for crocs, the area is known to be inhabited by salties, but sightings are inconsistent.
    * cocodrilo de agua salada = saltie.
    * cocodrilo de río = river crocodile.

    * * *
    crocodile
    * * *

     

    cocodrilo sustantivo masculino
    crocodile
    cocodrilo sustantivo masculino Zool crocodile
    ' cocodrilo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    lágrima
    - piel
    - reptar
    English:
    crocodile
    * * *
    crocodile
    * * *
    m crocodile;
    lágrimas de cocodrilo fig crocodile tears
    * * *
    : crocodile
    * * *
    cocodrilo n crocodile

    Spanish-English dictionary > cocodrilo

  • 12 Walton, Frederick

    [br]
    fl. 1860s Chiswick, Middlesex, England
    [br]
    English inventor and early manufacturer of linoleum.
    [br]
    Walton's linoleum consisted of a burlap base coated with a cement made from linseed oil, gum, resin and colour pigments. The linseed oil was oxidized in order to produce a rubbery consistency, and this was achieved either by adding the oil to the burlap in a series of coats, allowing each coat to dry in a heated room and so absorb the oxygen from the atmosphere, or by inserting the product into a steam-heated container, thereby hastening the process. The coated fabric was then calendered so that the heat and pressure of the rollers would soften the coating mixture, making it adhere firmly to the fabric backing. On 19 December 1863 Walton applied for a patent for the manufacture of his invention at British Grove Works in Chiswick, Middlesex. The patent was granted on 31 May 1864 for "Improvements in the Manufacture of Floor Cloths and Coverings and Similar Fabrics and in Pavements". Later in 1864 Walton set up a factory in Staines.
    The term linoleum derives from the Latin words linum, meaning linen thread, and oleum, meaning oil. Linoleum was made in rolls in everincreasing quantity until about 1950, by which time it was being replaced by synthetic vinyl-type coverings.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    See "Linoleum" in Children's Britannica, Chicago, Ill.: Encyclopaedia Britannica, and in Encyclopaedia Americana, Danbury, Conn.: Americana.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Walton, Frederick

  • 13 энциклопедия

    1. book of reference

    справочник; энциклопедия — book of reference

    2. cyclopaedia
    3. cyclopedia
    4. encyclopaedia
    5. encyclopedia

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > энциклопедия

  • 14 Британская энциклопедия

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Британская энциклопедия

  • 15 мускульные волокна

    Biology: muscle fibres (fibers) (Фраза встречается в Wikipedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, в целом встречаемость в источниках Google в 20 р. выше, чем "muscular fibers")

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > мускульные волокна

  • 16 энциклопедия Британника

    General subject: Encyclopaedia Britannica

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > энциклопедия Британника

  • 17 Abel, Sir Frederick August

    [br]
    b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, England
    d. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England
    [br]
    English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.
    [br]
    His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.
    Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.
    Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Grand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.
    Bibliography
    1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.
    Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August

  • 18 Clarke, Arthur Charles

    [br]
    b. 16 December 1917 Minehead, Somerset, England
    [br]
    English writer of science fiction who correctly predicted the use of geo-stationary earth satellites for worldwide communications.
    [br]
    Whilst still at Huish's Grammar School, Taunton, Clarke became interested in both space science and science fiction. Unable to afford a scientific education at the time (he later obtained a BSc at King's College, London), he pursued both interests in his spare time while working in the Government Exchequer and Audit Department between 1936 and 1941. He was a founder member of the British Interplanetary Society, subsequently serving as its Chairman in 1946–7 and 1950–3. From 1941 to 1945 he served in the Royal Air Force, becoming a technical officer in the first GCA (Ground Controlled Approach) radar unit. There he began to produce the first of many science-fiction stories. In 1949–50 he was an assistant editor of Science Abstracts at the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
    As a result of his two interests, he realized during the Second World War that an artificial earth satellite in an equatorial orbital with a radius of 35,000 km (22,000 miles) would appear to be stationary, and that three such geo-stationary, or synchronous, satellites could be used for worldwide broadcast or communications. He described these ideas in a paper published in Wireless World in 1945. Initially there was little response, but within a few years the idea was taken up by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration and in 1965 the first synchronous satellite, Early Bird, was launched into orbit.
    In the 1950s he moved to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to pursue an interest in underwater exploration, but he continued to write science fiction, being known in particular for his contribution to the making of the classic Stanley Kubrick science-fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on his book of the same title.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Clarke received many honours for both his scientific and science-fiction writings. For his satellite communication ideas his awards include the Franklin Institute Gold Medal 1963 and Honorary Fellowship of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1976. For his science-fiction writing he received the UNESCO Kalinga Prize (1961) and many others. In 1979 he became Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka and in 1980 Vikran Scrabhai Professor at the Physical Research Laboratory of the University of Ahmedabad.
    Bibliography
    1945. "Extra-terrestrial relays: can rocket stations give world wide coverage?", Wireless World L1: 305 (puts forward his ideas for geo-stationary communication satellites).
    1946. "Astronomical radar: some future possibilities", Wireless World 52:321.
    1948, "Electronics and space flight", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 7:49. Other publications, mainly science-fiction novels, include: 1955, Earthlight, 1956, The
    Coast of Coral; 1958, Voice Across the Sea; 1961, Fall of Moondust; 1965, Voices
    from the Sky, 1977, The View from Serendip; 1979, Fountain of Paradise; 1984, Ascent to Orbit: A Scientific Autobiography, and 1984, 2010: Odyssey Two (a sequel to 2001: A Space Odyssey that was also made into a film).
    Further Reading
    1986, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    1991, Who's Who, London: A. \& C.Black.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Clarke, Arthur Charles

  • 19 Fairbairn, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 19 February 1789 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotland
    d. 18 August 1874 Farnham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and shipbuilder, pioneer in the use of iron in structures.
    [br]
    Born in modest circumstances, Fairbairn nevertheless enjoyed a broad and liberal education until around the age of 14. Thereafter he served an apprenticeship as a millwright in a Northumberland colliery. This seven-year period marked him out as a man of determination and intellectual ability; he planned his life around the practical work of pit-machinery maintenance and devoted his limited free time to the study of mathematics, science and history as well as "Church, Milton and Recreation". Like many before and countless thousands after, he worked in London for some difficult and profitless years, and then moved to Manchester, the city he was to regard as home for the rest of his life. In 1816 he was married. Along with a workmate, James Lillie, he set up a general engineering business, which steadily enlarged and ultimately involved both shipbuilding and boiler-making. The partnership was dissolved in 1832 and Fairbairn continued on his own. Consultancy work commissioned by the Forth and Clyde Canal led to the construction of iron steamships by Fairbairn for the canal; one of these, the PS Manchester was lost in the Irish Sea (through the little-understood phenomenon of compass deviation) on her delivery voyage from Manchester to the Clyde. This brought Fairbairn to the forefront of research in this field and confirmed him as a shipbuilder in the novel construction of iron vessels. In 1835 he operated the Millwall Shipyard on the Isle of Dogs on the Thames; this is regarded as one of the first two shipyards dedicated to iron production from the outset (the other being Tod and MacGregor of Glasgow). Losses at the London yard forced Fairbairn to sell off, and the yard passed into the hands of John Scott Russell, who built the I.K. Brunel -designed Great Eastern on the site. However, his business in Manchester went from strength to strength: he produced an improved Cornish boiler with two firetubes, known as the Lancashire boiler; he invented a riveting machine; and designed the beautiful swan-necked box-structured crane that is known as the Fairbairn crane to this day.
    Throughout his life he advocated the widest use of iron; he served on the Admiralty Committee of 1861 investigating the use of this material in the Royal Navy. In his later years he travelled widely in Europe as an engineering consultant and published many papers on engineering. His contribution to worldwide engineering was recognized during his lifetime by the conferment of a baronetcy by Queen Victoria.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created Baronet 1869. FRS 1850. Elected to the Academy of Science of France 1852. President, Institution of Mechnical Engineers 1854. Royal Society Gold Medal 1860. President, British Association 1861.
    Bibliography
    Fairbairn wrote many papers on a wide range of engineering subjects from water-wheels to iron metallurgy and from railway brakes to the strength of iron ships. In 1856 he contributed the article on iron to the 8th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    Further Reading
    W.Pole (ed.), 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn Bart, London: Longmans Green; reprinted 1970, David and Charles Reprints (written in part by Fairbairn, but completed and edited by Pole).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Fairbairn, William

  • 20 Keller, Arthur

    [br]
    b. 18 August 1901 New York City, New York, USA d. 1983
    [br]
    American engineer and developer of telephone switching equipment who was instrumental in the development of electromechanical recording and stereo techniques.
    [br]
    He obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, in 1923 and an MSc from Yale University, and he did postgraduate work at Columbia University. Most of the time he was also on the staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The Bell Laboratories and its predecessors had a long tradition in research in speech and hearing, and in a team of researchers under H.C. Harrison, Keller developed a number of definite improvements in electrical pick-ups, gold-sputtering for matrix work and electrical disc recording equipment. From 1931 onwards the team at Bell Labs developed disc recording for moving pictures and entered into collaboration with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra concerning transmission and recording of high-fidelity sound over wires, and stereo techniques. Keller developed a stereo recording system for disc records independently of A.D. Blumlein that was used experimentally in the Bell Labs during the 1930s. During the Second World War Keller was in a team developing sonar (sound navigation and ranging) for the US Navy. After the war he concentrated on switching equipment for telephone exchanges and developed a miniature relay. In 1966 he retired from the Bell Laboratories, where he had been Director of several departments, ending as Director of the Switching Apparatus Laboratory. After retirement he was a consultant internationally, concerning electromechanical devices in particular. When, in 1980, the Bell Laboratories decided to issue LP re-recordings of a number of the experimental records made during the 1930s, Keller was brought in from retirement to supervise the project and decide on the selections.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Keller was inventor or co-inventor of forty patents, including: US patent no. 2,114,471 (the principles of stereo disc recording); US patent no. 2,612,586 (tape guides with air lubrication); US patent no. 3,366,901 (a miniature crossbar switch).
    Apart from a large number of highly technical papers, Keller also wrote the article "Phonograph" in the 1950 and 1957 editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    1986, Reflections of a Stereo Pioneer, San Francisco: San Francisco Press (an honest, personal account).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Arthur

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